Frontal bone
The frontal bone consists of three parts (squamous part, orbital part, and nasal part).
Axial Skeleton
Base of the skull
The base of the skull is formed by eight bones including the superior part of the ethmoid bone anteriorly, the sphenoid bone centrally, the inferior portions of the frontal bone anteriorly, the occipital bone posteriorly and the temporal bones laterally.
Calvaria
The calvaria is the skull cap (cranial vault), consisting of a series of flat bones. It is formed by the parietal bones and squamous parts of the frontal and occipital bones. The bones of the neurocranium fuse together and form the following sutures: Sagittal suture (sutura sagittalis) which is located between two parietal bones in the median sagittal plane. …
Landmarks of vertebral column
C1 transverse process is palpable between the mastoid process of temporal bone and the angle of mandibule. C2 spinous process is palpable just below the skull on deep pressure. C3 level is located at this same horizontal plane as the superior border of the thyroid cartilage which is visible in the front of neck as the laryngeal prominence. C6 the anterior …
Movements of the vertebral column
Flexion is limited by the ligamenta flava, the interspinous ligaments, the supraspinous ligaments, the nuchal ligament, the posterior longitudinal ligament; it is most extensive in the cervical part of the vertebral column, primarily at the atlantooccipital joint. Extension is limited by the anterior longitudinal ligament; it is noticeable in the cervical and lumbar part and is much …
Coccyx
The coccyx (os coccygis) is a small triangular bone. It is formed from three or four vertebrae fused together. It articulates proximally with the apex of the sacrum. Coccygeal vertebrae are remnants of the tail and rudimentary vertebrae, fused together to form a single triangular bone, the coccyx. The number of coccygeal vertebrae varies from 3 to 5. The …
Sacrum
The sacrum (os sacrum) is the triangular shaped bone (irregular bone), which is composed of five sacral vertebrae (S1 to S5, fused in adults). The fused sacral vertebrae form a central sacral body, and paired sacral alae, arising laterally from S1. Clinical comments The fifth lumbar vertebra is occasionally fused with the top of the sacrum. This is called the sacralization of …
Structure of lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae have massive vertebral bodies (kidney-shaped) without costal facets. The spinous process is thick and directed sagittally. The superior articular processes are concave and inferior are convex. Both have articular surfaces directed sagittally. The typical lumbar vertebrae have two additional, small processes called the mamillary process and accessory process. For lumbar puncture the patient …